Panel discussion on Ukraine

There will be a special panel discussion taking place tomorrow on the events in Ukraine. It is a joint event held by the Department of Politics and the University of York European Union Society.

On the panel:

· Dr Nina Caspersen – Senior Lecturer at York

· Dr Nick Ritchie - Senior Lecturer at York

· Professor Peter Rutland – Wesleyan University, and visiting fellow at York

The event will take place on Friday 7th March at 1pm in room B/B/003. All are welcome.

Neil Carter on the politics of climate change

Professor Neil Carter's research has been featured in an article on The Carbon Brief website, discussing the decline of environmentalism within the Conservative Party.

You can read the Carbon Brief article here.

Neil's original paper, 'The politics of climate change in the UK', is available via an institutional subscription here.

Social Spending Targets and the IMF

Liam Clegg reflects on post-Global Financial Crisis shifts in conditionality.[1] 

Government spending has long been a controversial issue for the International Monetary Fund (IMF). In laying out a roadmap for crisis-hit governments to move back towards balanced budgets, IMF lending programmes can often include exacting expenditure reduction targets. Broadly, two criticisms have been placed at the Fund’s door. First, it is suggested that these targets push countries – to borrow Shadow Chancellor Ed Ball’s favoured terminology – to cut ‘too far, too fast’, thereby damaging their long-term growth trajectory. Second, it is suggested that the social impact of cuts is often given insufficient attention, with the burden falling most heavily on the most vulnerable.

There is a large and growing literature examining the first issue.[2] Indeed, in their recent Working Paper, the IMF’s Oliver Blanchard and Daniel Leigh have suggested that the negative growth effects of spending cuts may have been under-estimated by policymakers when responding to the Global Financial Crisis.[3] There is also a notable body of work examining the second issue.[4] However, a recent operational shift at the IMF provides a timely opportunity for re-evaluation.

In July 2009 the IMF Executive Board approved new Guidelines on Poverty Reduction, setting out a series of practices that staff should endeavour to uphold. Amongst these standards, staff arranging loan conditions with low-income countries were directed to ensure that expenditure targets were included that allowed for levels of social spending (education and health expenditure) to remain stable or rise through the course of a programme. Prior to this intervention, the use of this type of ring-fence occurred rarely in arrangements with low-income countries; after this intervention, they became a near-ubiquitous feature. While on the surface this shift seems to represent unambiguously good news, deeper investigation is called for to more completely assess this shift.

First of all, there is a question of the volume of spending being protected. By comparing social spending targets with pre-programme patterns of education and health spending, we find that just over half of the targets are set higher than pre-programme levels. So, we can conclude that a majority of the targets – albeit a slight one – should be considered to be meaningful.

Second of all, what about the on-the-ground effects of these targets? Can we be sure that ‘good’ social spending that is effectively directed towards vulnerable groups and used efficiently is resulting, rather than ‘bad’ social spending that either redistributes upwards or is wasted? To this question, which is arguably the more important of the two, we currently have no answer. While the IMF has begun to draw on figures related to social spending as evidence of its increasing effectiveness as an agent of poverty reduction,[5] more detailed in-country research is needed before we can confidently judge the substance of this claim. 

Issues surrounding the IMF and international politics are explored in several modules in the Department of Politics, including the third year Governing the Global Economy and second year Politics of Development offerings.

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[1] For a full version of the argument, see Clegg, L. (2014) ‘Social spending targets in IMF concessional lending: US domestic politics and the institutional foundations of rapid operational change’, Review of International Political Economy ifirst: 1-29. 

[2] See, for example, Vreeland, J. (2003) The IMF and Economic Development (Cambridge: University Press); Dreher, A. (2006) ‘IMF and Economic Growth: The Effects of Programs, Loans, and Compliance with Conditionality’, World Development 34(5): 769-88. 

[3] Blanchard, O. and D. Leigh (2013) ‘Growth Forecast Errors and Fiscal Multipliers’, IMF Working Paper WP/13/1: 1-43. 

[4] See, for example, Walton, J. and D. Seddon (1994) Free Markets and Food Riots (Oxford: Blackwell); Oxfam (2003) The IMF and the Millennium Development Goals: Failing to Deliver (London: Oxfam). 

[5] Clegg, L. (2012) ‘Post-crisis reform at the IMF: learning to be (seen to be) a long-term development partner’, Global Society 26(1): 61-81.

Bob Goodin on Rough Justice - 29th January

Professor Bob Goodin from the University of Essex will be giving the first departmental seminar of the new term. His topic will be 'Rough Justice'. Professor Goodin is the founding editor of the Journal of Political Philosophy and is world-renowned for his work in political theory and public policy.

The seminar begins at 12:15pm on Wednesday 29th January in D/104. All are welcome.

The Universal Credit fiasco shows that we need a new model of Ministerial accountability

Professor Martin Smith (University of York) and Professor Dave Richards (University of Manchester) discuss political accountability in the UK in a post that originally appeared on the Democratic Audit blog.

The Work and Pensions Secretary, Ian Duncan Smith, campaigning in his Woodford constituency (Credit: Gareth Davies, CC by 2.0)

The current imbroglio surrounding the Universal Credit scheme appears to be another example of what Crewe and King have recently identified as a long line of policy blunders in the UK.  The accusations being levelled at Iain Duncan Smith and his department are serious.  They illustrate both problems of implementation and reoccurring questions surrounding accountability.  

Gender, Neoliberalism, and Financial Crisis Postgraduate Conference at the University of York

Sydney Calkin recently organized and hosted an international postgraduate conference on feminist politics and the financial crisis.

The politics of austerity and crisis are deeply gendered and open up a wide range of feminist debates around neoliberalism, resistance, and gender justice.  The Gender, Neoliberalism, and Financial Crisis Postgraduate Conference, which took place at the University of York on 27 September 2013, sought to map the multiple impacts of financial crisis, austerity, and neoliberalism on women and to articulate an alternative feminist agenda. It brought together researchers from around the world working on feminist political economy, sociology, development studies, economics, and related disciplines to present their findings and development networks for future research collaboration.

In their opening keynote address, Diane Elson and Ruth Pearson delivered two closely linked papers that first considered the impact of the financial crisis and austerity policies on women and then moved to suggest alternative, gender just economic arrangements. While they encouraged feminist researchers to continue to document the deficiencies and obstacles embedded in neoliberal gender regimes, they also challenged feminists to move beyond critique to articulating alternative anti-neoliberal economic discourses and policies. In the closing keynote address, Sylvia Walby echoed this sentiment, demonstrating the importance of articulating a gender growth model, using feminism as a counter hegemonic project to critique and dismantle the current neoliberal gender regime. To this end, she proposed a social democratic gender regime with high levels of female wage labour and political representation, substantial public expenditure on welfare and state provision of health, education, and care services. A recording of Diane Elson and Ruth Pearson’s opening keynote address is available for download and streaming here: https://soundcloud.com/genderconfyork/elson-and-pearson-keynote

Panels throughout the day presented a diverse range of perspectives on gendered neoliberalism and austerity, both demonstrating the impact of the financial crisis and advocating alternative approaches to the current political and economic gender regimes. From a feminist institutionalist perspective, several researchers presented findings on gender equality policy in governmental and financial institutions, from the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, to the European Union and Macedonian government. Others examined the impact of austerity on the third sector and feminist organizations in particular. Both groups of researchers, those concerned with government and civil society, articulated a trenchant critique of neoliberalization of government policy and the impact of austerity on funding, policy, and discourse. In particular, they challenged the dominance of reductive efficiency-based gender policy, evident in the popular ‘business case’ for gender equality narratives which render equality a function of economic growth strategies and marginalize transformative approaches. Particularly invisible in discourses of crisis and austerity is the role of social reproduction and its value; another strand of researchers challenged the marginality of social reproduction from dominant political discourses and sought, through a variety of methodological approaches, to demonstrate the value and impact of social reproduction.

The postgraduate work presented here reflects the continuing significance of some enduring feminist debates and also opens up new directions for feminist research. Given the range of disciplinary backgrounds, methodological approaches, and subject matter, the conference contributions demonstrated the diversity of feminist research and articulated a coherent and compelling narrative of feminist analysis on the financial crisis and resistance to the politics of austerity. The conference succeeded in bringing together postgraduates from around the world to establish research connections with each other and to meet leading researchers in the field; I hope it will generate enduring research networks and facilitate future collaboration among young feminist scholars. This conference was funded in part by the Politics Department (alongside the York Annual Fund, Political Studies Association, and York Graduate Students’ Association). It would not have been possible without the support of Lisa Webster, Caroline Carfrae, and Carole Spary, so many thanks to them for their support.

The Rise of the Golden Dawn

Dr Sofia Vasilopoulou has recently co-authored two different blogs (links below to the full posts):

The rise of the Golden Dawn is not a natural consequence of the economic crisis, but a reflection of wider problems in Greek society

and 

The Rise of Golden Dawn Casts a Shadow Over Greek Politics